Commons:Categorii

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This page is a translation of an official policy on Wikimedia Commons. It may be incomplete, out of date and/or unreliable. Bear in mind that the only official text is the English version.

O categorie este o facilitate a software-ului MediaWiki, o pagina speciala al carui scop este acela de a grupa pagini si fisiere media care au ceva ^in comun. ^In practica, aceasta implica asocierea unui singur subiect cu o categorie data. Numele categoriei ar fi de ajuns pentru a identifica subiectul, dar uneori este nevoie de ceva mai mult text pentru a o defini.

Structura de categorii este modul principal de organizare si de localizare a fisierelor de la Commons. Este esential ca fiecare fisier sa poata fi gasit navig^and prin structura de categorii. Pentru a permite aceasta, fiecare fisier trebuie sa fie pus direct ^intr-o categorie si/sau sa fie pus ^intr-o galerie categorisita. Fiecare categorie trebuie sa se ^inscrie si ea ^intr-o categorie mai generala, form^and o structura ierarhica.

Quick guide

1. How to find the appropriate categories

  • Find categories with the search engine (see #Categorization tips)
  • or check how similar files are categorized (some may not be categorized though)
  • or start from the main topical category (Category:Topics)
  • Starting from these categories, check their parent or sub-categories to find an appropriate category. Avoid picking too general categories.

2. Add the categories to the file

Structura de categorii la Wikimedia Commons

Principles

The main principles are:

Hierarchic principle

Structura de categorii este (ideal) o multiierarhie cu o singura categorie radacina, Category:CommonsRoot. Toate categoriile (cu exceptia CommonsRoot) trebuie sa fie incluse ^in cel putin o alta categorie si nu trebuie sa existe cicluri (adica o categorie nu trebuie sa se contina pe ea ^insasi, direct sau indirect). Structura de categorii trebuie sa reflecte o ierarhie de concepte, de la cel mai generic p^ana la cel mai specific.

Modularity principle

The page (file, category) should be put in the most specific category/categories that fit(s) the page (not directly to its parent categories). A category can have more parent categories. A category can combine two (or more) different criteria; such categories are called "compound categories" or "intersection categories". E.g. the root category Category:Churches and the root category Category:Russia have a common subcategory Churches in Russia.

Simplicity principle

This principle suggests not to combine too many different criteria.

Selectivity principle

We should not classify items which are related to different subjects in the same category. The category name should be unambiguous and not homonymous.

Universality principle

Identical items should have identical names for all countries and at all levels of categorization. Categorization structure should be as systematical and unified as possible, local dialects and terminology should be supressed in favour of universality if possible. Analogic categorization branches should have analogic structure.

Types of reflected relations

The category structure should reflect a hierarchy of concepts, from the most generic one down to the very specific. The structure uses and combines more types of relation, e. g.

  • Hyponymy: a sort/kind/type of… (typically in biological taxonomy)
  • Meronymy: a part of…, a member of… (typically for geographical division, building/room, device/component etc.)
  • Attributes:
    • Qualitative and general attributes (color, shape, size, ability or disability, nationality, technique, quality, awards…)
    • Location: where, in…, from… (place/event, place/building, place/exhibit, place/people, country/language, source/work, factory or country/product etc.)
    • Timing: when (time/event, time/depicted situation, time of birth, inception or construction, time of death, demolition or termination etc.)
  • Agentive and influence relations: (creator/work, device/product, company/product, discipline or profession/their subjects and terms, parent/children, subordination, owner/property, initiator/follower, subject/other subjects dedicated to it or named after it, subject/its duplicate, imitiation, depiction or symbol etc etc.)
  • Modification: original/modified or modified/original (avoid cyclic structure) – renamed, rebuilt, repurposed or transformed subjects.

Categoriile majore

Categoriile de la v^arf (cele continute direct ^in CommonsRoot) ^impart structura de categorii dupa scopul categoriilor continute:

  • Category:Topics - Aceasta categorie este radacina globala comuna a fisierelor media categorisite dupa DOMENIU. TOATE fisierele media trebuie sa fie categorisite sub acest subarbore pentru a permite gasirea lor dupa domeniu.
  • Category:Copyright statuses - Aceasta categorie este radacina globala comuna a fisierelor media categorisite dupa LICENTA. TOATE fisierele media trebuie categorisite pe acest subarbore cu o eticheta corespunzatoare.
  • Category:Image sources - Aceasta categorie este radacina globala a fisierelor media categorisite dupa SURSA, adica de unde provin ele (carti, colectii, site-uri etc.)
  • Category:Media types - Aceasta categorie este radacina globala comuna a fisierelor media categorisite dupa TIP. Observati ca aceasta categorisire este uneori omisa pentru imagini, deoarece marea majoritate a fisierelor de la Commons sunt imagini.
  • Category:Commons - Aceasta categorie este radacina globala pentru categorisire a proiectelor de ^intretinere Commons si a paginilor (Commons:-, si Help:-) cu exceptia fisierelor media. Paginile traduse ^in fiecare limba trebuie sa fie categorisite sub categoria proprie a acelei limbi ^in stilul "Category:Commons-ISO-LANGUAGE-CODE”. Structura de la Category:Commons-en este ierarhia-exemplu pentru toate celelalte limbi.
Exista o subcategorie Category:Commons maintenance content, care este pentru ^intretinerea continutului global comun al Wikimedia Commons si care nu se traduce.　TOATE fisierele media trebuie categorisite sub cele 4 categorii de mai jos, dar NUMAI fisierele cu probleme ar trebui sa intre si ^in subcategoria Category:Commons maintenance content.
  • Category:User - aceasta este pentru categorii ce contin utilizatorii Commons, grupati dupa diverse criterii, cum ar fi limbile pe care le vorbesc. Aceasta contine si Category:User galleries, categorie pentru galerii ale utilizatorilor.

Cum se folosesc categoriile

^Intotdeauna puneti-va fisierele ^in categorii si/sau galerii dupa domeniu, astfel ^inc^at contributiile dumneavoastra sa poata fi gasite de ceilalti.

Rareori este nevoie sa creati o noua categorie (cu o exceptie, vedeti Oameni mai jos). ^Inainte de a face aceasta, asigurati-va ca v-ati familiarizat cu structura existenta de categorii, si cu practicile si politicile Commons. Va rugam, verificati daca nu exista o schema de categorii sau un proiect commons pentru domeniul dumneavoastra, si respectati conventiile indicate acolo.

Numele categoriilor

^Intruc^at Commons este un proiect international, numele categoriilor trebuie sa fie ^intotdeauna ^in limba engleza (cu exceptia formelor de viata, pentru care se prefera denumirea stiintifica latineasca).

Numele categoriilor ce se refera la obiecte sau la grupuri de oameni trebuie sa fie ^in general la plural: Category:Tools, Category:Artists, Category:Lakes, etc, spre deosebire de Category:History, Category:Weather, Category:Music.

Categories grouping subcategories by name should generally be named "by name" rather than "by alphabet" (e.g. Category:Ships by name).

Ne lipseste suportul pentru internationalizarea numelor categoriilor, dar problema urmeaza a fi rezolvata ^in urma modificarii software-ului MediaWiki (vedeti bugzilla:5638). Crearea de structuri de categorii ^in diferite limbi n-ar face dec^at sa ^incurce prea mult lucrurile.

Pentru o discutie generala a categoriilor la MediaWiki, vedeti pagina de manual a categoriilor.

Categorisirea paginilor

Pentru a adauga o pagina (fie ea o pagina de descriere a unei imagini, o galerie, sau o categorie) la o categorie, adaugati urmatorul cod la sf^arsitul paginii.

[[Category:Category Name]]

De exemplu, daca ^incarcati o diagrama ce prezinta orbita unor comete, puteti adauga urmatoarele categorii la pagina de descriere a imaginii: 

[[Category:Astronomical diagrams]]
[[Category:Comets]]

[[Category:Astronomical diagrams]]
[[Category:Comets]]

Aceasta va face ca diagrama sa apara ^in categoriile Astronomical diagrams, Comets.

Pentru informatii privind gasirea de categorii potrivite pentru fisierele si galeriile dumneavoastra, cititi sectiunea Gasiti o categorie potrivita de mai jos.

Crearea unei noi categorii

Pentru a crea o categorie noua:

  1. Cautati cu mare atentie, asigurati-va ca nu este deja o categorie care v-ar servi scopului dumneavoastra.
  2. Gasiti o galerie sau o alta pagina ce ar putea fi pusa ^in noua categorie. Editati pagina, si la sf^arsit inserati legatura spre noua categorie. De exemplu, [[Category:Title]]. Salvati pagina modificata. Noua categorie apare ca legatura rosie ^in partea de jos a paginii.
  3. Click pe legatura rosie. Pagina noua, goala, a categoriei apare pentru editare. Acum puteti modifica aceasta categorie ca pe orice alta pagina wiki.

O pagina de categorie trebuie sa contina urmatoarele informatii (^in ordinea importantei):

  • Legaturi spre alte categorii, prin care este plasata ^in una sau mai multe categorii-parinte.
  • O scurta descriere ce explica ce contine categoria. Engleza este limba preferata pentru aceasta descriere, dar se pot adauga si alte limbi (cu formatele {{ab|...}} pentru descrierea ^in abhaza, {{ro|...}} pentru descrierea ^in rom^ana etc; puteti consulta ^in acest scop Commons:Language templates).
  • Legaturi interwiki spre categorii sau pagini cu continut similar de la Wikipedias (legaturi [[ab:...]] spre pagina de la Wikipedia ^in abhaza, [[ro:...]] pentru Wikipedia ^in rom^ana etc.).
  • Daca aceasta categorie trebuie sortata conform unui alt sir de caractere dec^at titlul categoriei, adaugati {{DEFAULTSORT:}}. De exemplu, titlul unei categorii despre o persoana nu este sirul potrivit pentru sortare. Pentru astfel de categorii, inserati dupa legaturile interwiki o linie ca {{DEFAULTSORT:NumeFamilie, NumeBotez}} cu sirul de sortare corect. Vedeti meta:Categories#Sort key pentru mai multe informatii.
  • Puneti pagina noua ^in alte categorii ^in care ar trebui sa stea, conform ^indrumarelor. La baza noii pagini, inserati linii de forma [[Category:Relevant categories]].

Vedeti si #Cum se face categorisirea: ^indrumare dupa domeniu pentru aspecte ale unor anumite clase de categorii, cum ar fi #Oameni.

Schimbarea numelui unei categorii

Vedeti Commons:Rename a category.

For more appropriate categorization

Pages (including category pages) are categorized according to their subject, and not to their contents, because the contents are generally not a permanent feature of the category page; in particular, you can momentarily find inappropriate contents in a category page.

Example: Assume that Category:Spheres contains only pictures of crystal balls. You must not add Category:Glass in the category page, according to the current contents, because you can have spheres made with a great variety of materials. Normally, any picture showing a glass object would be already categorized in Category:Glass (or in a category of its substructure). So, if the Category:Spheres is really crowded with crystal balls pictures, it would be a better idea to create a new category page, like Category:Glass spheres or Category:Crystal balls, categorized in Category:Spheres and Category:Glass.

Generally files should only be in the most specific category that exists for certain topic. For example files in Category:Looking up the center of the Eiffel Tower should not also be in Category:Paris (see over-categorization below). If you do not find a category that fits your purpose, you can create it — but carefully read the section about using categories first.

This does not mean that an image only belongs in one category; it just means that images should not be in redundant or non-specific categories. For instance, an image of a Polar Bear being rescued from an iceberg by a helicopter should be in Category:Ursus maritimus, Category:Icebergs and Category:Rescue helicopters. It should not, however, be in Category:Ursidae, Category:Sea ice or Category:Aircraft.

Categorization tips

The categories (or galleries) you choose for your uploads should answer as many as possible of the following questions:

The above questions cover the main aspects of the image to be categorized. For some images it makes sense to use all, for other images only one or two are reasonable. In addition there are several other aspects of the images that can be used to categorize the image:

This last set is useful and important but should always be done in addition of the main set of criteria.

Categorization in Wikimedia Commons is more detailed and deep than categorization in Wikipedia projects. Compared to them, Commons has more categories for individual subjects – places, people, organizations, events, terms, etc. Almost every article on a Wikipedia can have a corresponding category on Commons. However, even if there exist more images of an ordinary person or incidental event, it is practical to group them into a special category and categorize that category instead of categorizing all similar images individually to an identical set of parent categories.

Find an appropriate category

To find appropriate categories for your uploads, you should navigate the category structure starting from a generic category. Narrow your search down to subcategories until you find the most specific category that fits the file you uploaded. You can navigate the category structure by following links to subcategories, or expanding the tree of subcategories by clicking on the little symbols on subcategory names. The Major categories section above provides a starting point, and the How to categorize: guidance by topic covers some topics more.

Over-categorization

for the inclusion criteria (the equivalent of w:WP:OVERCAT) see Commons:Category inclusion criteria

Don't place an item into a category and its parent. For example, a black and white photo of the Eiffel Tower should be placed in Black and white photographs of the Eiffel Tower. It should not be placed in both that category and the Paris category at the same time.
Shortcut

Over-categorization is placing a file, category or other page in several levels of the same branch in the category tree. The general rule is always place an image in the most specific categories, and not in the levels above those. Exceptions to this rule are explained in the section below.

Example: An image needing to be categorized shows a yellow circle. This image should be placed in Category:Yellow circles. If it is also placed in Category:Circles, it is over-categorized. We already know that it's a circle, because all yellow circles are circles. Therefore, Category:Circles is redundant. Template:Uw-overcat can be used to advise users of this.

This applies to most files: As mentioned under the adjacent illustration, files in Category:Black and white photographs of the Eiffel Tower should not also be in Category:Paris, files in Category:Albert Einstein should not be in Category:Physicists from Germany and so on.

Why over-categorization is a problem

It's often assumed that the more categories an image is in, the easier it will be to find it. Another example: By that logic, every image showing a man should be in Category:Men, because even if you know nothing more about the person you're looking for than that he is a man, you'll be able to find it. The result is that the top category fills up, making it necessary to go through hundreds, or in this case more likely thousands of images to find the one you want. You probably won't find what you're looking for, and what's more, those who are looking for a generic picture of a man to illustrate an article like en:Man will find that they've drowned out among the movie stars, scientists and politicians.

On lower levels, the problem becomes less acute, since the number of images will be smaller — they can still easily reach into the hundreds, though. But there is still a problem: Let's go back to Einstein. I know that he's a physicist, so I'll look in the Category:Physicists category. I find an image of Einstein among the hundreds of images of other physicists, which I'm not too happy with, but it's the only one there. Since there was an image there, I assume that there are no more hidden elsewhere, rather than look further in Category:Physicists from Germany and thus find Category:Albert Einstein where there might be a better one. So over-categorization has led to two problems: The top category is cluttered, and users will stop looking for the most relevant category since they've reached one that has a relevant image.

Improper categorization of categories is a cause of over-categorization

Strange as it may sound, under-categorization can be a cause of over-categorization. When a category itself is not properly categorized, it can lead users to over-categorize files belonging in that category. An example of this: Category:Eivor Pálsdóttir was categorized only in Category:People by name. A user categorizing an image of her might then be tempted to also place the image in Category:Female vocalists from the Faroe Islands. The correct solution is to place the image only in Category:Eivor Pálsdóttir and to make that category a subcategory of Category:Female vocalists from the Faroe Islands. At that point, however, any images that were already placed into both categories become overcategorized and need to be manually removed from the parent category.

A related problem is erroneous categorization. Notting Hill is a district within the borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London. When it was created, Category:Notting Hill was placed directly in Category:London instead of in the Category:Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea subcategory, where it should have been placed. A user categorizing an image of Notting Hill might then be tempted to place it both in Category:Notting Hill and in Category:Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Instead, each image should be placed only in the most specific categories, and those categories should in turn be placed in their most specific categories.

When you encounter improperly categorized categories, please place them in the appropriate parent categories if you are able to do so. That will not only help avoid over-categorization, but it will also make it easier to move through the category tree.

Exception for images with more categorized subjects

A file that depicts only one relevant subject should not be over-categorized. Where a file depicts additional relevant subjects, and the additional subjects do not have their own subcategories, consideration can be given to temporarily categorizing the image in both the subcategory and the parent category.

For example, this situation might arise in the case of a photograph of three politicians, one of whom is Angela Merkel (who has her own Commons category), with two other politicians who do not yet have their own categories. While the image would undoubtedly be categorized in Category:Angela Merkel or one of its subcategories, it would typically be considered to be over-categorization to also include it in Category:Politicians of Germany. Users would, however, be unlikely to search for the two other politicians in the Merkel category. Ideally, we would create specific subcategories for the two other politicians (where warranted), or find other relevant subcategories (e.g. Category:Politicians of Bavaria or Category:Members of the FDP, etc.), that would enable us to avoid over-categorization. In some circumstances, however, we may need to temporarily categorize the image in Category:Politicians of Germany where other appropriate subcategories do not yet exist.

Countries may be categorized as part of multiple overlapping categories. For example, Category:India is in Category:Countries of South Asia as well as Category:Countries of Asia.

Also user categories are exempted of over-categorization as those are not visible to most viewers, and project users include them for many different purposes like sorting, stats, filling values for userboxes, etc.

How to categorize: guidance by topic

For some categories, there is special guidance on how best to sort content within that category. This guidance can be found in a category scheme or a commons project for your topic. There is also some categorizing information in this section and sometimes there is guidance at the top of the category's page, in the Category namespace. So, for instance, some guidance on categorizing content depicting people is at the top of Category:People, and some is in the section People below.

People

Content depicting people should be put in categories which describe them, such as Category:Economists from the United States. Start exploring at Category:People.

Please see Commons:Category scheme People for details on how to name and organize these categories.

Landscapes, outdoor views

Content depicting a given subject from a common vantage point are grouped in Views of Subject from Viewpoint categories such as Views of Cathedral of Seville from the Giralda. Such categories should be subcategories of both the subject's category (Cathedral of Seville in this example) and the viewpoint's category (Giralda in this example).

In this example, the Views of Cathedral of Seville from the Giralda category is not placed directly in the subject and viewpoint categories, but in Views of the Cathedral of Seville and Views from Giralda. Such intermediate categories are often necessary to create structure and avoid over-categorization, particularly for views of a city from a vantage point located within the city. For example, Views of Rome from the Pincio needs the intermediate category Views of Rome to avoid placing it directly in Rome, which would constitute over-categorization.

Texts

Texts, such as scans of books, should normally have a category for each version of the scan and each edition of the text. Thus a book published in three separate editions would have a parent category for the book, three subcategories for each text, and further subcategories for the text as a jpeg, a DjVu, etc., assuming each version had actually been uploaded. (Categories would not be created for editions not held on Commons.) This is particularly important for files in formats other than DjVu and PDF, where the category is the only practical means of keeping the scans together; see eg. Category:The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, Holinshed, 1587 which contains 2857 jpeg images of page scans.

GLAMs

For categorization issues related to mass content donations from GLAMs (Galleries, Libraries, Archives & Museums), please see Commons:Guide to batch uploading#Categories.

Categorization workflow

Currently, a bot checks if newly uploaded files are categorized in topical categories and attempts to categorize files that are not. Before 17 June 2015, CategorizationBot was responsible for this job. As of June 2019, SteinsplitterBot occasionally checks for uncategorized files. The workflow is the following:

  1. User uploads a new file and adds categories (or not).
  2. A bot checks if the file is categorized.
  3. Users categorize files further (e.g. category diffusion below)

See also: User:CategorizationBot#Process, categorization statistics

Other, if manual, categorization workflows are possible :

  • Category filling: Use appropriate keywords in the search engine to find the files that should be in a given category, and put them there.
  • Category diffusing: Go to Category:Categories requiring diffusion, select a crowded category, create appropriate subcategories if needed, and move the files to the subcategories. Gadgets like Cat-a-lot and Hotcats can help.

Categories marked with "HIDDENCAT"

Shortcut

Many non-topical categories are marked with __HIDDENCAT__ or {{Hiddencat}} on the category page. For example, see Category:PD NASA in edit mode.

While categories are generally visible on every page, categories marked __HIDDENCAT__ are only visible:

  • on the edit screen: at the end of the screen, below the edit box
  • on category pages:
    • on subcategories to the hidden category: in the normal location, but on a separate line with a smaller typeface and the label "Hidden categories."
    • on parent categories: in the same way as other categories
  • on file description pages and gallery pages: for logged-in users who have selected to "Show hidden categories" in their appearance preferences. This is activated for all newly registered users.

This feature is generally used for template-based categories, such as license tag based categories. For example, placing {{PD-old-100}} on a file description page adds the file to Category:Author died more than 100 years ago public domain images, which is marked with __HIDDENCAT__.

For more details, see the help section on hidden categories for Mediawiki (the software that Commons uses).

Templates for categories

Some templates are designed for use on category pages - see Category:Category namespace templates. If the category is linked to a Wikidata entry, then you can use:

which displays a summary of the topic's information that is available on Wikidata, and also auto-adds birth/death/name/monument ID categories.

Some of the more commonly used ones are Category:Category header templates such as:

Tools

Further information: Commons:Tools
  • Gadgets enabled through the user preferences
    • Cat-a-lot: A tool that helps with moving multiple files between categories or adding categories to search results. [documentation / talk]
    • HotCat: d Easily add / remove / change a category on a page, with name suggestions. [documentation / example / talk]
    • Gallery Details: Adds a link in the toolbox to display galleries and categories (and Newimages and Search result pages) with extensive details from file description pages and links to easily mark an image without source, etc. If Pretty log is activated, it also works on Log pages. [documentation / talk]
    • Place categories above content, but below image on file description pages. Modifies the placement of categories on the user interface.
    • Add a link to category pages to search for the category name with the option "-incategory". This excludes files already in the category (doesn't work if the category was added by a template). [talk]

See also

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